Created at 4:36 p.m. Dec, 01, 2025
Author:
andrewmathias8
Type of change:
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Rationale for change
Changing the order allows for more fluid/correct grammar — "a" macular star
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- Severe hypertension in retinal precapillary arterioles causes endothelial disruption, leakage of plasma into arteriolar wall, and fibrinous necrosis
- Necrotic vessels can then bleed into nerve fiber layers causing the flame shaped hemorrhages
- Fundus pictures of malignant hypertensive retinopathy with bilateral disc edema, peripapillary splinter hemorrhages, cotton wool spots, vascular tortuosity, macular star, venous engorgement

Photo Credit: Mishra et al., CC BY 4.0, via Cureus


Photo credit: smcohen, Public Domain, via Retina Gallery; Nadeem.Fatteh, via eyewiki; the supplementary images with overlays of the relevant areas was adapted from the image mentioned previously (© The AnKing LLC)
| Fundoscopic findings | Diabetic | Hypertensive |
|---|---|---|
| Hemorrhages | Multiple | Few |
| Retina | Wet | Dry |
| Exudates | Multiple | Rare |
| Edema | Extensive | Rare |
| Flame shaped Hemorrhages | Rare | Common |
| Cotton Wool spots | Few | Multiple |
| Visually abnormal blood vessels in retina | Veins | Arteries |
Lecture Notes
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Missed Questions
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Pathoma
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Boards and Beyond
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First Aid
Macular star pointed out by red arrow, cotton wool spots pointed out by blue arrow
Sketchy Extra
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Picmonic
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Pixorize
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Physeo
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Bootcamp
Watch associated Bootcamp video - Hypertension: Hypertensive End-Organ Disease
Watch associated Bootcamp video - Pancreas: Diabetic Complications
Watch associated Bootcamp video - Pancreas: Diabetic Complications
OME
Additional Resources


One by one
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